use in senses II.8a, IV.16b, and IV.16c is after Afrikaans man. 1), and Old Lithuanian žmuo but these Indo-European words are usually referred to the Indo-European base of classical Latin humus (see humus n.) and ancient Greek χθών (see chthonic adj.) meaning ‘earth’. A more recent theory suggests a derivation (with loss of an initial obstruent) from the Indo-European base of Lithuanian žmonės people and Old Prussian smunents man, which is a variant (with a different ablaut grade) of the Indo-European base of classical Latin homō man, Old English guma and its Germanic cognates (see gome n. 1, on the basis that thought is a distinctive characteristic of human beings. This word and Sanskrit manu have been together referred by some to the Indo-European base of mind n. The earlier form with the single n of the base followed by the vowel + n of the suffix may explain the Gothic variant mana- used in compounds (e.g. However it is possible that the n-stem is the earlier formation, and that the form with double ‑nn‑ represents a later generalization of the double ‑nn‑ which originally occurred in those parts of the paradigm where the n of the suffix, subject to zero-grade of ablaut, immediately followed the n of the base. Formerly, the ‑nn‑ of the Germanic consonant stem was held to have developed from an earlier ‑nw‑, directly reflected in Sanskrit manu man (see Manu n.). The pre- Germanic etymology of the word is problematic. Old English menn (plural and dative singular) has the umlaut which regularly arose from an original ‑i in the nominative plural and dative singular of Germanic consonant-stem nouns. The forms in the various Germanic languages belong to two different types of stem: one is a consonant-stem, giving Old English mann (genitive mannes, dative menn, plural menn, genitive manna, dative mannum some of these Old English forms have been re-formed after the a-declension) and the other an n-stem, giving Old English manna, the only attested oblique form of which is mannan, found almost exclusively as accusative singular. Cognate with Old Frisian man, mon, Old Dutch man (plural man Middle Dutch man (plural manne, man) Dutch man (plural mannen, rarely mans)), Old Saxon man (plural man Middle Low German man (plural man, manne, men, menne, mans, mannes, mennes, mannen, mennen, manner, menner), Low German Mann (plural Manns, Männer)), Old High German man (plural man Middle High German man (plural man), German Mann (plural Männer)), Old Icelandic maðr (stem mann-, plural menn Icelandic maður), Faroese maður, Norwegian mann (plural menn, (Nynorsk) menner), Old Swedish maþer, mander, man (plural män Swedish man (plural män)), Old Danish man, mand ( Danish mand (plural mænd)), Gothic manna (genitive singular mans, plural mans, mannans) further etymology uncertain.
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